tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-67361679635558599652023-11-16T07:46:33.506-08:00Beautiful Places on the Earth Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger32125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6736167963555859965.post-75142177986130759662013-08-08T10:57:00.000-07:002013-08-08T10:57:18.513-07:00El Hotel del Salto in Colombia<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<u>El Hotel del Salto</u></h2>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">The </span><b style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">Tequendama Falls Museum of Biodiversity and Culture</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> is an upcoming museum in </span>San Antonio del Tequendama<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">, </span>Colombia<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">. The museum overlooks </span>Tequendama Falls<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> on the </span>Bogotá River<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> Before renovation, the building was an abandoned hotel, known as the Tequendama Falls Hotel</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> and was rumored to be haunted.</span><br />
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Hotel </h3>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">For a year starting in July 1950, the building was reconstructed into an eighteen story hotel. Gabriel Largacha was the designer and Domenico Parma was the constructor.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">The hotel was then abandoned in the 90s for more than two decades due to river contamination.</span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6736167963555859965.post-31920352415814491982013-07-31T13:10:00.001-07:002013-08-01T09:49:32.424-07:00Meteora rock <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Meteora Rocks</h2>
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You'll find no shortage of breathtaking vistas on the Greek peninsula, but the Meteora rock formations truly take the cake. These massive sandstone fingers seem to emerge as much from a dream as from the plains of Thessaly. Towering as high as 2,044 feet (623 meters) above lush landscape below, the steep peaks of Meteora are a perfect setting for a secluded monastery.</div>
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Monks and nuns have called Meteora's peaks and caverns home for centuries. Hermits scaled the daunting peaks as early as the 10th century and, according to legend, St. Athanasios Meteorites rode an eagle to the top in the 1300s to found Great Meteoron, the largest of the region's six secluded monasteries.</div>
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The monasteries remain active to this day, though some peaks remain rather isolated destinations. Up until 1925, visitors could only reach Ayia Triada (aka Hagia Triada) monastery via rope ladders and baskets. Today, it boasts a 140-step staircase hewn into the rock.</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6736167963555859965.post-65109012309233344542013-07-27T15:49:00.002-07:002013-07-27T15:49:49.665-07:00Abu Simbel temples <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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The <b>Abu Simbel temples</b> are two massive rock temples in Abu Simbel in Nubia, southern Egypt. They are situated on the western bank of Lake Nasser, about 230 km southwest of Aswan (about 300 km by road). The complex is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site known as the "Nubian Monuments," which run from Abu Simbel downriver to Philae (near Aswan).</div>
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The twin temples were originally carved out of the mountainside during the reign of Pharaoh Ramesses II in the 13th century BCE, as a lasting monument to himself and his queen Nefertari, to commemorate his alleged victory at the Battle of Kadesh. However, the complex was relocated in its entirety in 1968, on an artificial hill made from a domed structure, high above the Aswan High Dam reservoir.</div>
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The relocation of the temples was necessary to avoid their being submerged during the creation of Lake Nasser, the massive artificial water reservoir formed after the building of the Aswan High Dam on the Nile River. Abu Simbel remains one of Egypt's top tourist attractions.</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6736167963555859965.post-77077196769852026022013-07-27T15:31:00.002-07:002013-07-27T15:31:39.750-07:00The Tadj Mahall<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Taj Mahal</h2>
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The <b>Taj Mahal</b> which means "crown of palaces", is a white marble mausoleum located in Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India. It was built by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his third wife, Mumtaz Mahal. The Taj Mahal is widely recognized as "the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage".</div>
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Taj Mahal is regarded by many as the finest example of Mughal architecture, a style that combines elements from Persian, Ottoman Turkish and Indian architectural styles.</div>
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In 1983, the Taj Mahal became a UNESCO World Heritage Site. While the white domed marble mausoleum is the most familiar component of the Taj Mahal, it is actually an integrated complex of structures. The construction began around 1632 and was completed around 1653, employing thousands of artisans and craftsmen. The construction of the Taj Mahal was entrusted to a board of architects under imperial supervision, including Abd ul-Karim Ma'mur Khan, Makramat Khan, and Ustad Ahmad Lahauri. Lahauri is generally considered to be the principal designer.</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6736167963555859965.post-29401204943241284612013-07-20T08:44:00.001-07:002013-07-20T08:44:03.647-07:00The Crack of Silfra<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 24px;">The Crack of Silfra</span></div>
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Conflict is the meat of great storytelling. You might prefer such tropes as man-versus-nature or man-versus-blue-aliens, but the best geological drama often unfolds when tectonic plates duke it out, especially continental plates. Travel to Iceland, however, and you'll find a most curious occurrence on the boundaries of the North American and European plates.</div>
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Adjacent to Lake Thingvalla, you'll find Silfra Crack. Filled with crystal-clear, glacial meltwater, this narrow slit plunges 66 feet (20 meters) into the Earth. It makes for a rather chilly descent, but sight-seeking divers make the pilgrimage each year to dive between the continents. Experienced cave divers can explore depths of more than 148 feet (45 meters) by swimming into the Silfra cave system.</div>
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Visitors frequently describe the Silfra diving experience as one of floating weightlessly through space. The glacial waters filter through miles of volcanic rock before emptying into the crack.</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6736167963555859965.post-86540883147819821852013-07-17T10:44:00.000-07:002013-07-17T10:44:29.691-07:00St. Lucia<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Saint Lucia ,</h2>
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<b>Saint Lucia</b> is a sovereign island country in the eastern Caribbean Sea on the boundary with the Atlantic Ocean. Part of the Lesser Antilles, it is located north/northeast of the island of Saint Vincent, northwest of Barbados and south of Martinique. It covers a land area of 617 km<sup style="line-height: 1em;">2</sup> (238.23 sq mi) and has a population of 174,000 (2010). Its capital is Castries.</div>
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One of the Windward Islands, Saint Lucia was named after Saint Lucy of Syracuse by the French, the island's first European colonizers. They signed a treaty with the native Carib people in 1660. Britain took control of the island from 1663 to 1667; in ensuing years, it was at war with France 14 times and rule of the island changed frequently (it was seven times each ruled by the French and British). In 1814, the British took definitive control of the island. Because it switched so often between British and French control, Saint Lucia was also known as the "Helen of the West Indies".</div>
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Representative government came about in 1924 (with universal suffrage from 1953). From 1958 to 1962, the island was a member of the Federation of the West Indies. On 22 February 1979, Saint Lucia became an independent state of the Commonwealth of Nations associated with the United Kingdom. Saint Lucia has a legal system based on English common law.</div>
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The island nation celebrates its independence every year with a public holiday. It is also a member of la Francophonie. The financial sector has weathered the global financial crisis, but the recession has hurt tourism.</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6736167963555859965.post-76618255255154470802013-07-15T13:23:00.000-07:002013-07-15T13:23:21.564-07:00Ha Long Bay, Vietnam<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>Ha Long Bay,</b></h2>
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<b>Ha Long Bay</b> is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and a popular travel destination, located in Quang Ninh province, Vietnam. Administratively, the bay belongs to Hạ Long City, Cẩm Phảtown, and part of Van Don district. The bay features thousands of limestone karsts and isles in various sizes and shapes. Ha Long Bay is a center of a larger zone which includes Bái Tử Long bay to the northeast, and Cát Bà islands to the southwest. These larger zones share similar geological, geographical, geomorphological, climate, and cultural characters.</div>
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Ha Long Bay has an area of around 1,553 km<sup style="line-height: 1em;">2</sup>, including 1,960–2,000 islets, most of which are limestone. The core of the bay has an area of 334 km<sup style="line-height: 1em;">2</sup> with a high density of 775 islets. The limestone in this bay has gone through 500 million years of formation in different conditions and environments. The evolution of the karst in this bay has taken 20 million years under the impact of the tropical wet climate. The geo-diversity of the environment in the area has created biodiversity, including a tropical evergreen biosystem, oceanic and sea shore biosystem. Ha Long Bay is home to 14 endemic floral species and 60 endemic faunal species.</div>
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Historical research surveys have shown the presence of prehistorical human beings in this area tens of thousands years ago. The successive ancient cultures are the Soi Nhụ culture around 18,000–7000 BC, the Cái Bèo culture 7000–5000 BC and the Hạ Long culture 5,000–3,500 years ago. Hạ Long Bay also marked important events in the history of Vietnam with many artifacts found in Bài Thơ Mout, Đầu Gỗ Cave, Bãi Cháy.</div>
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500 years ago, Nguyen Trai praised the beauty of Hạ Long Bay in his verse <i>Lộ nhập Vân Đồn</i>, in which he called it "rock wonder in the sky". In 1962, the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism of North Vietnam listed Hạ Long Bay in the National Relics and Landscapes publication. In 1994, the core zone of Hạ Long Bay was listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site according to criterion vii, and listed for a second time according to criterion viii</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6736167963555859965.post-29915190556125781822013-07-12T05:59:00.000-07:002013-07-12T06:10:08.981-07:00Horsetail Fall (Yosemite)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span dir="auto">Horsetail Fall</span></h1>
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsetail_Fall_(Yosemite)#mw-navigation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsetail_Fall_(Yosemite)#p-search" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a></div>
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<table cellspacing="3" class="infobox vcard" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-spacing: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 22em;"><tbody>
<tr><th class="fn org" colspan="2" style="background-color: #a8bdec; font-size: 14px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Horsetail Fall</th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2007-02-16_-_Horsetail_Fall_(Yosemite).jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="2007-02-16 - Horsetail Fall (Yosemite).jpg" height="331" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/2007-02-16_-_Horsetail_Fall_%28Yosemite%29.jpg/220px-2007-02-16_-_Horsetail_Fall_%28Yosemite%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/2007-02-16_-_Horsetail_Fall_%28Yosemite%29.jpg/330px-2007-02-16_-_Horsetail_Fall_%28Yosemite%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/2007-02-16_-_Horsetail_Fall_%28Yosemite%29.jpg/440px-2007-02-16_-_Horsetail_Fall_%28Yosemite%29.jpg 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><br />
Horsetail Fall illuminated by the setting sun</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Location</th><td class="label" style="vertical-align: top;">Yosemite National Park, California, USA</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Coordinates</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="geo-default" style="display: inline;"><span class="geo-dec" style="display: inline;" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.729124°N 119.628475°W</span></span></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Type</th><td class="category" style="vertical-align: top;">Horsetail</td></tr>
<tr class="note"><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Total height</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">650 metres (2,130 ft)</td></tr>
<tr class="note"><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Number of drops</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">2</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Longest drop</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">480 metres (1,570 ft)</td></tr>
<tr class="note"><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Average<br />
flow rate</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">very slight flows a few weeks in normal years</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<b>Horsetail Fall</b>, located in Yosemite National Park in California, is a seasonal waterfall that flows in the winter and early spring. The fall occurs on the east side of El Capitan. If Horsetail Fall is flowing in February and the weather conditions are just right, the setting sun illuminates the waterfall, making it glow orange and red. This natural phenomenon is often referred to as the "Firefall," a name that pays homage to the manmade Firefall that once took place in Yosemite.</div>
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This waterfall descends in two streams side by side, the eastern one being the larger, but both quite small. The eastern one drops 470 m (1,540 ft) and the western one 480 m (1,570 ft), the highest fully airborne waterfall in Yosemite that runs at some point every year. The waters then gather and descend another 150 m (490 ft) on steep slabs, so the total height of these waterfalls is 620 m (2,030 ft) to 630 m (2,070 ft). The image shown here is taken during a brief time during the winter, near 21 February at sunset, made famous by Galen Rowell's photograph.<br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6736167963555859965.post-7259026745397879342013-07-09T13:25:00.000-07:002013-07-09T13:25:45.429-07:00The Great Blue Hole in Ambergris caye<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Blue hole </h2>
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<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Blue_Hole.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="194" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Great_Blue_Hole.jpg/250px-Great_Blue_Hole.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Great_Blue_Hole.jpg/375px-Great_Blue_Hole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Great_Blue_Hole.jpg/500px-Great_Blue_Hole.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="250" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
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The Great Blue Hole, located near Ambergris Caye, Belize</div>
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A <b>blue hole</b> is a cave or underwater sinkhole. They are also called vertical caves. There are many different blue holes located around the world, typically in low-lying coastal regions. The best known examples can be found in Belize, the Bahamas,Guam, Australia (in the Great Barrier Reef), and Egypt (in the Red Sea).</div>
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Blue holes are roughly circular, steep-walled depressions, and so named for the dramatic contrast between the dark blue, deep waters of their depths and the lighter blue of the shallows around them. Their water circulation is poor, and they are commonly anoxic below a certain depth; this environment is unfavorable for most sea life, but nonetheless can support large numbers of bacteria. The deep blue color is caused by the high transparency of water and bright white carbonate sand. Blue light is the most enduring part of the spectrum; other parts of the spectrum—red, yellow, and finally green—are absorbed during their path through water, blue light manages to reach the white sand and return back upon reflection.</div>
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The deepest blue hole in the world—at 202 metres (663 ft)—is Dean's Blue Hole, located in a bay west of Clarence Town on Long Island, Bahamas. Other blue holes are about half that depth at around 100–120 metres (330–390 ft). The diameter of the top entrance ranges typically from 25–35 metres (82–115 ft) (Dean's Blue Hole) to 300 metres (980 ft) (Great Blue Hole in Belize).</div>
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Formation </h3>
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Blue holes formed during past ice ages, when sea level was as much as 100–120 metres (330–390 ft) lower than at present. At those times, these formations were targets of the same erosion from rain and chemical weathering common in all limestone-rich terrains; this ended once they were submerged at the end of the ice age.</div>
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Most blue holes contain freshwater and saltwater. The halocline is the point in these blue holes where the freshwater meets the saltwater and where a corrosive reaction takes place that eats away at the rock. Over time this can create side passages, or horizontal "arms", that extend from the vertical cave. These side passages can be quite long; e.g., over 600 metres (2,000 ft) in the case of the Sawmill Sink in the Bahamas.</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6736167963555859965.post-74047365265887136432013-07-02T12:56:00.001-07:002013-07-02T12:56:53.350-07:00Galapagos Islands, Ecuador<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">Galapagos Islands,</span></span></h3>
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The <b>Galápagos Islands</b> are an archipelago of volcanic islands distributed on either side of the Equator in the Pacific Ocean, 926 km (500 nmi) west of continental Ecuador, of which they are a part.</div>
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The Galápagos Islands and its surrounding waters form an Ecuadorian province, a national park, and a biological marine reserve. The principal language on the islands is Spanish. The islands have a population of slightly over 25,000.</div>
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The islands are famed for their vast number of endemic species and were studied by Charles Darwin during the voyage of the <i>Beagle</i>. His observations and collections contributed to the inception of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.</div>
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The first recorded visit to the islands happened by chance in 1535, when the Dominican friar Fray Tomas de Berlanga went to Peru to arbitrate in a dispute between Francisco Pizarro and his subordinates. de Berlanga was blown off course, though he eventually returned to the Spanish Empire and described the conditions of the islands and the animals that inhabited them. The first navigation chart of the islands was made by the buccaneer Ambrose Cowley in 1684. He named the individual islands after some of his fellow pirates or after the British noblemen who helped the privateer's cause. More recently, the Ecuadorian government gave most of the islands Spanish names. While the Spanish names are official, many users (especially ecological researchers) continue to use the older English names, principally because those were the names used when Charles Darwin visited. </div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6736167963555859965.post-59561408800693522432013-06-29T11:05:00.000-07:002013-06-29T11:05:02.737-07:00Shangrila Lake Pakistan<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span dir="auto">Shangrila Lake</span></h1>
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<b>Shangrila Lake</b> or <b>Lower Kachura Lake</b> is a part of the Shangrila resort located at a drive of about 20 minutes from Skardu (nearly 2,500 m or 8,200 feet) town.</div>
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It is a popular tourist destination, and has a unique restaurant that is built on the fuselage of an aircraft that had crashed nearby.</div>
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Shangrila was established in 1983 with the opening of the first Resort Hotel in Skardu, Baltistan. Shangrila Resort Hotel was founded by the late Brig.(Retd) Muhammad Aslam Khan, the first commander of the Northern Scouts of the Pakistan Army.</div>
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Shangrila was named after a book titled "<i>Lost Horizon</i>" by James Hilton. In the novel, the author narrates a tale in which an aeroplane crash landed near a riverbed, in the early 1920s. The surviving passengers came across some Buddhist monks from a nearby temple and sought their help. They were taken to a beautiful lamasery filled with a variety of fruits and flowers. The monks looked quite young, although they claimed to be hundreds of years old. The idyllic place was called Shangri-la, a Tibetan word meaning "<i>Heaven on earth</i>".</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6736167963555859965.post-34072438805720436622013-06-28T12:50:00.001-07:002013-06-28T12:50:31.853-07:00 Northern Light Banff National Park – Alberta, Canada<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Northern Light Banff National Park </h2>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; text-align: left;"><br />An</span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; text-align: left;"> </span><b style="font-size: 13px; text-align: left;">aurora</b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; text-align: left;"> is a natural light display in the sky particularly in the high latitude (</span>Arctic<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; text-align: left;">and</span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; text-align: left;"> </span>Antarctic<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; text-align: left;">) regions, caused by the collision of energetic charged particles with atoms in the high altitude atmosphere (</span>thermosphere<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; text-align: left;">). The charged particles originate in the</span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; text-align: left;"> </span>magnetosphere<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; text-align: left;">and</span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; text-align: left;"> </span>solar wind<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; text-align: left;">and, on Earth, are directed by the</span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; text-align: left;"> </span>Earth's magnetic field<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; text-align: left;">into the atmosphere. Most aurorae occur in a band known as the</span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; text-align: left;"> </span><i style="font-size: 13px; text-align: left;">auroral zone</i><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; text-align: left;">,</span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; text-align: left;">which is typically 3° to 6° in latitudinal extent and at all local times or longitudes. The auroral zone is typically 10° to 20° from the magnetic pole defined by the axis of the Earth's magnetic dipole. During a</span>geomagnetic storm<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; text-align: left;">, the auroral zone expands to lower latitudes.</span><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aurora_Borealis_Poster.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Pictures of the aurora australis" class="thumbimage" height="421" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4d/Aurora_Borealis_Poster.jpg/400px-Aurora_Borealis_Poster.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4d/Aurora_Borealis_Poster.jpg/600px-Aurora_Borealis_Poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4d/Aurora_Borealis_Poster.jpg/800px-Aurora_Borealis_Poster.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="400" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
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Images of the aurora australis and aurora borealis from around the world, including those with rarer blue and red lights</div>
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Aurorae are classified as diffuse or discrete. The diffuse aurora is a featureless glow in the sky that may not be visible to the naked eye, even on a dark night. It defines the extent of the auroral zone. The discrete aurorae are sharply defined features within the diffuse aurora that vary in brightness from just barely visible to the naked eye, to bright enough to read a newspaper by at night. Discrete aurorae are usually seen in only the night sky, because they are not as bright as the sunlit sky. Aurorae occasionally occur poleward of the auroral zone as diffuse patches or arcs, which are generally invisible to the naked eye.</div>
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In northern latitudes, the effect is known as the <i><b>aurora borealis</b></i> (or the <b>northern lights</b>), named after the Roman goddess of dawn, Aurora, and the Greek name for the north wind, Boreas, by Pierre Gassendi in 1621. Auroras seen near the magnetic pole may be high overhead, but from farther away, they illuminate the northern horizon as a greenish glow or sometimes a faint red, as if the Sun were rising from an unusual direction. Discrete aurorae often display magnetic field lines or curtain-like structures, and can change within seconds or glow unchanging for hours, most often in fluorescent green. The aurora borealis most often occurs near the equinoctes. The northern lights have had a number of names throughout history. The Cree call this phenomenon the "<b>Dance of the Spirits</b>". In Medieval Europe, the auroras were commonly believed to be a sign from God.</div>
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Its southern counterpart, the <i><b>aurora australis</b></i> (or the <b>southern lights</b>), has features that are almost identical to the aurora borealis and changes simultaneously with changes in the northern auroral zone. It is visible from high southern latitudes in Antarctica, South America, New Zealand, and Australia. Aurorae occur on other planets. Similar to the Earth's aurora, they are visible close to the planet's magnetic poles. Modern style guides recommend that the names of meteorological phenomena, such as <i>aurora borealis</i>, be uncapitalized.</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6736167963555859965.post-2002780063181630702013-06-21T12:05:00.002-07:002013-06-21T12:05:14.668-07:00Galápagos Islands<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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The <b>Galápagos Islands</b> are an archipelago of volcanic islands distributed on either side of the Equator in the Pacific Ocean, 926 km (500 nmi) west of continental Ecuador, of which they are a part.</div>
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The Galápagos Islands and its surrounding waters form an Ecuadorian province, a national park, and a biological marine reserve. The principal language on the islands is Spanish. The islands have a population of slightly over 25,000.</div>
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The islands are famed for their vast number of endemic species and were studied by Charles Darwin during the voyage of the <i>Beagle</i>. His observations and collections contributed to the inception of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.</div>
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The Galapagos Islands were discovered by chance on 10 March 1535, when the Dominican friar Fray Tomas de Berlanga, Bishop of Panama, went to Peru in pursuance of an order of the Spanish monarch, Charles V, to arbitrate in a dispute between Francisco Pizarro and his subordinates after the conquest of the Inca empire . Because of a calm and strong currents, the ship of the Bishop was dragged to the Galapagos. In chronicling his adventure, directed from Portoviejo Emperor Charles V on the discovery of the Galapagos Islands, Berlanga described the bleak desert conditions in the islands and the giant tortoises that inhabited them. He also described the marine iguanas, sea lions and many types of birds, emphasizing the unusual mildness of animals and expressed in the following words: Traxo the ship very good time breezes seven days, that the pilot haziase near the ground and calm diones six days the currents were so large, we engolfaron so that Wednesday March 10, we saw an island and because the ship had no more water for two days, agreed to take the boat and going ashore for water and grass for the horses. E hatched ... but found no sea lions, turtles and tortoises and so great a man wearing one above, and many who are like serpents higuanas. The first navigation chart of the islands was made by the buccaneer Ambrose Cowley in 1684. He named the individual islands after some of his fellow pirates or after the British noblemen who helped the privateer's cause. More recently, the Ecuadorian government gave most of the islands Spanish names. While the Spanish names are official, many users (especially ecological researchers) continue to use the older English names, principally because those were the names used when Charles Darwin visited.</div>
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<tr><th class="fn org" colspan="2" style="background-color: #dddddd; font-size: 14px; padding: 0.2em; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Galápagos Islands</th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="font-size: 10px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;">Name as inscribed on the World Heritage List</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-top: 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Galapagos_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Map of the Galápagos archipelago"><img alt="Map of the Galápagos archipelago" height="250" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Galapagos_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg/250px-Galapagos_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Galapagos_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg/375px-Galapagos_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Galapagos_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg/500px-Galapagos_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg.png 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="250" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.3em; vertical-align: top;">Country</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">Ecuador</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.3em; vertical-align: top;">Type</th><td class="category" style="vertical-align: top;">Natural</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.3em; vertical-align: top;">Criteria</th><td class="category" style="vertical-align: top;">vii, viii, ix, x</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.3em; vertical-align: top;">Reference</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">1</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.3em; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: 10px; font-weight: normal;">UNESCO region</span></th><td class="label" style="vertical-align: top;">Latin America and the Caribbean</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #dddddd; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Inscription history</th></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.3em; vertical-align: top;">Inscription</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">1978 <small>(2nd Session)</small></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.3em; vertical-align: top;">Extensions</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">2001 and 2003</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.3em; vertical-align: top;">Endangered</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">2007–2010</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6736167963555859965.post-48586399594372312422013-06-20T10:16:00.000-07:002013-06-20T10:53:42.350-07:00The Colosseum<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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The <b>Colosseum</b>, <b>Coliseum</b>, originally <b>Flavian Amphitheatre</b> , is a large amphitheatre in the city of Rome. The construction of the Colosseum started around 70—72 AD and was finished in 80 AD. Emperor Vespasian started the works, and Emperor Titus completed them. Emperor Domitian made some changes to the building between 81—96AD. It had seating for 50,000 people. It was 156 metres wide, 189 metres long and 57 metres tall. It is the biggest amphitheatre built by the Roman Empire.</div>
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The Colosseum was first called the <b>Flavian Amphitheatre</b> or in Latin, the <b>Amphitheatrum Flavium</b>. This was after Vespasian and Titus who had the family name of <i>Flavius</i>. It was used for gladiatorial contests, and other shows like <i>animal hunts</i>, in which animals would hunt and eat prisoners; or in which gladiators would fight against animals. There were also executions of prisoners, plays, and battle scenes; sometimes it was filled with water to fight sea battles. The people of Rome could go into the Colosseum without any costs; it was free.</div>
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In the Middle Ages it was no longer used for performances. It was then used as housing, workshops, a Christian shrine, and as a supply of building stones.</div>
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It has been worked out that about 500,000 people and over a million wild animals died in the Colosseum games.</div>
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It is now a ruin because of earthquakes and from people taking away the stones. The Colosseum is an iconic symbol of the Roman Empire. It is one of Rome's most popular tourist attractions. On Good Fridays, the Pope leads a torch lit "Way of the Cross" procession around the various levels of the amphitheatre.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="The_Colosseum_in_ancient_Rome">The Colosseum in ancient Rome</span></h2>
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<span class="mw-headline"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">The building of the Colosseum began under the rule of the Emperor </span>Vespasian<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> in around 70–72ACE. The area was flat, in a valley between the </span>Caelian<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">,</span>Esquiline<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> and </span>Palatine Hills<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">. There was a stream flowing through the valley, but this had been made into a </span>canal<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">. People had been living in this area for over 200 years, but the houses were destroyed in the </span>Great Fire of Rome<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> in 64ACE. The Emperor </span>Nero<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> took much of the land for his own use. He built a grand </span>palace<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">, the </span><i style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">Domus Aurea</i><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> which had a lake, gardens, paths covered with a roof held up by </span>columns<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> (</span>porticoes<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">), and large shelters (</span>pavilions<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">) to sit in. He had the </span><i style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">Aqua Claudia</i><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span>aqueduct<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> made longer to supply water to the area. There was also a big </span>bronze<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span>statue<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> of Nero, the </span>Colossus of Nero<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">, at the front of the Domus Aurea.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> In 68AD, Nero lost control of the government. The </span>Senate<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> made him a public </span>outlaw<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">, and he killed himself soon after.</span></span><br />
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<span class="mw-headline"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2FkS1jElXg6tNNOScY15evvExv6PSldMQxzprpW3bpDBU7USoyszcsc4tvXLXns4NnQpE0Y6nams4rCFAKFH3F7TjvG-wq_jLHni0RQ2zrYEve0vfbOrHmLkyYoegc0mHxvLIagJAX-Z1/s1600/new-seven-wonders-of-the-world.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2FkS1jElXg6tNNOScY15evvExv6PSldMQxzprpW3bpDBU7USoyszcsc4tvXLXns4NnQpE0Y6nams4rCFAKFH3F7TjvG-wq_jLHni0RQ2zrYEve0vfbOrHmLkyYoegc0mHxvLIagJAX-Z1/s320/new-seven-wonders-of-the-world.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6736167963555859965.post-36814443583232934172013-06-19T13:04:00.000-07:002013-06-19T13:45:02.888-07:00Mount Everest<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>Mount Everest</b> is the Earth's highest mountain, with a peak at 8,848 metres (29,029 ft) above sea level and the 5th tallest mountain measured from the centre of the Earth . It is located in the Mahalangur section of the Himalayas. The international border between China and Nepal runs across the precise summit point. Its massif includes neighboring peaks Lhotse, 8,516 m (27,940 ft); Nuptse, 7,855 m (25,771 ft) and Changtse, 7,580 m (24,870 ft).</div>
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In 1856, the Great Trigonometric Survey of British India established the first published height of Everest, then known as <b>Peak XV</b>, at 29,002 ft (8,840 m). In 1865, Everest was given its official English name by the Royal Geographical Society upon a recommendation by Andrew Waugh, the British Surveyor General of India. Waugh named the mountain after his predecessor in the post, Sir George Everest. Although Tibetans had called Everest "Chomolungma" for centuries, Waugh was unaware of this because Tibet and Nepal were closed to foreigners.</div>
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Mount Everest attracts many highly experienced mountaineers as well as capable climbers willing to hire professional guides. While not posing substantial technical climbing challenges on the standard route, Everest presents dangers such as altitude sickness, weather and wind.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Discovery">Discovery</span></h3>
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<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Earthmap1000x500compac.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mount Everest is located in Tibet."><img alt="Mount Everest is located in Tibet." height="150" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Earthmap1000x500compac.jpg/300px-Earthmap1000x500compac.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Earthmap1000x500compac.jpg/450px-Earthmap1000x500compac.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Earthmap1000x500compac.jpg/600px-Earthmap1000x500compac.jpg 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="300" /></a><br />
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Location on Earth</div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; text-align: left;">In 1802, the British began the</span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; text-align: left;"> </span>Great Trigonometric Survey<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; text-align: left;">of India to determine the location and names of the world's highest mountains. Starting in southern India, the survey teams moved northward using giant</span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; text-align: left;"> </span>theodolites<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; text-align: left;">, each weighing 500 kg (1,100 lb) and requiring 12 men to carry, to measure heights as accurately as possible. They reached the Himalayan foothills by the 1830s, but Nepal was unwilling to allow the British to enter the country because of suspicions of political aggression and possible annexation. Several requests by the surveyors to enter Nepal were turned down.</span><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CH-NP_79-80_Bdy_Map50_.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="183" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/CH-NP_79-80_Bdy_Map50_.jpg/300px-CH-NP_79-80_Bdy_Map50_.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/CH-NP_79-80_Bdy_Map50_.jpg/450px-CH-NP_79-80_Bdy_Map50_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/CH-NP_79-80_Bdy_Map50_.jpg/600px-CH-NP_79-80_Bdy_Map50_.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="300" /></a><br />
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Published by the Survey of Nepal, this is Map 50 of the 57 map set at 1:50,000 scale "attached to the main text on the First Joint Inspection Survey, 1979–80, Nepal-China border." In the top center, note the boundary line, identified as separating "China" and "Nepal", passing exactly through the summit contour. The boundary here and for much of the China-Nepal border follows the main Himalayan watershed divide.</div>
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The British were forced to continue their observations from Terai, a region south of Nepal which is parallel to the Himalayas. Conditions in Terai were difficult because of torrential rains and malaria. Three survey officers died from malaria while two others had to retire due to failing health.</div>
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Nonetheless, in 1847, the British continued the Great Trigonometric survey and began detailed observations of the Himalayan peaks from observation stations up to 240 km (150 mi) away. Weather restricted work to the last three months of the year. In November 1847, Andrew Waugh, the British Surveyor General of India made several observations from the Sawajpore station located in the eastern end of the Himalayas. Kangchenjunga was then considered the highest peak in the world, and with interest he noted a peak beyond it, about 230 km (140 mi) away. John Armstrong, one of Waugh's officials, also saw the peak from a location farther west and called it peak "b". Waugh would later write that the observations indicated that peak "b" was higher than Kangchenjunga, but given the great distance of the observations, closer observations were required for verification. The following year, Waugh sent a survey official back to Terai to make closer observations of peak "b", but clouds thwarted all attempts.</div>
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In 1849, Waugh dispatched James Nicolson to the area, who made two observations from Jirol, 190 km (120 mi) away. Nicolson then took the largest theodolite and headed east, obtaining over 30 observations from five different locations, with the closest being 174 km (108 mi) from the peak.</div>
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Nicolson retreated to Patna on the Ganges to perform the necessary calculations based on his observations. His raw data gave an average height of 9,200 m (30,200 ft) for peak "b", but this did not consider light refraction, which distorts heights. However, the number clearly indicated, that peak "b" was higher than Kangchenjunga. Then, Nicolson contracted malaria and was forced to return home without finishing his calculations. Michael Hennessy, one of Waugh's assistants, had begun designating peaks based on roman numerals, with Kangchenjunga named Peak IX, while peak "b" now became known as Peak XV.</div>
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In 1852, stationed at the survey headquarters in Dehradun, Radhanath Sikdar, an Indian mathematician and surveyor from Bengal, was the first to identify Everest as the world's highest peak, using trigonometric calculations based on Nicolson's measurements. An official announcement that Peak XV was the highest was delayed for several years as the calculations were repeatedly verified. Waugh began work on Nicolson's data in 1854, and along with his staff spent almost two years working on the calculations, having to deal with the problems of light refraction, barometric pressure, and temperature over the vast distances of the observations. Finally, in March 1856 he announced his findings in a letter to his deputy in Calcutta. Kangchenjunga was declared to be 28,156 ft (8,582 m), while Peak XV was given the height of 29,002 ft (8,840 m). Waugh concluded that Peak XV was "most probably the highest in the world". Peak XV (measured in feet) was calculated to be exactly 29,000 ft (8,839.2 m) high, but was publicly declared to be 29,002 ft (8,839.8 m) in order to avoid the impression that an exact height of 29,000 feet (8,839.2 m) was nothing more than a rounded estimate..</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6736167963555859965.post-81167347761387335712013-06-18T15:07:00.000-07:002013-06-18T15:07:10.640-07:00Iguazu Falls<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<span dir="auto">Iguazu Falls</span></h1>
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<b>Iguazu Falls</b>, is waterfalls of the Iguazu River on the border of the Brazilian state of Paraná and the Argentinian province of Misiones. The falls divide the river into the upper and lower Iguazu. The Iguazu River rises near the city of Curitiba. It flows through Brazil for most of its course. Below its confluence with the San Antonio River, the Iguazu River forms the boundary between Argentina and Brazil.</div>
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<span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">The name "Iguazu" comes from the Guarani or Tupi words "<i>y</i>" , meaning "water", and "<i>ûasú</i> ", meaning "big". Legend has it that a god planned to marry a beautiful woman named <i>Naipí</i>, who fled with her mortal lover <i>Tarobá</i> in a canoe. In rage, the god sliced the river, creating the waterfalls and condemning the lovers to an eternal fall.</span><span style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 10.828125px;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">The first European to find the falls was the Spanish conquistador Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca in 1541.</span></span></div>
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On November 11 of 2011, Iguazu Falls was announced as one of the seven winners of the New Seven Wonders of Nature by the New Seven Wonders of the World Foundation</h2>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Geography">Geography</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline;">[edit]</span></h2>
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<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Garganta_del_Diablo_or_Devil_Throat_Iguazu_Falls_Argentina_Luca_Galuzzi_2005.JPG" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="133" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Garganta_del_Diablo_or_Devil_Throat_Iguazu_Falls_Argentina_Luca_Galuzzi_2005.JPG/200px-Garganta_del_Diablo_or_Devil_Throat_Iguazu_Falls_Argentina_Luca_Galuzzi_2005.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Garganta_del_Diablo_or_Devil_Throat_Iguazu_Falls_Argentina_Luca_Galuzzi_2005.JPG/300px-Garganta_del_Diablo_or_Devil_Throat_Iguazu_Falls_Argentina_Luca_Galuzzi_2005.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Garganta_del_Diablo_or_Devil_Throat_Iguazu_Falls_Argentina_Luca_Galuzzi_2005.JPG/400px-Garganta_del_Diablo_or_Devil_Throat_Iguazu_Falls_Argentina_Luca_Galuzzi_2005.JPG 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="200" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
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Union Fall, Iguazu's largest cataract</div>
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Iguazu Falls is located where the Iguazu River tumbles over the edge of the Paraná Plateau, 23 kilometres (14 mi) upriver from the Iguazu's confluence with the Paraná River. Numerous islands along the 2.7-kilometre-long (1.7 mi) edge divide the falls into numerous separate waterfalls and cataracts, varying between 60 to 82 metres (197 to 269 ft) high. The number of these smaller waterfalls fluctuates from 150 to 300, depending on the water level. About half of the river's flow falls into a long and narrow chasm called the Devil's Throat (<span lang="es" xml:lang="es"><i>Garganta del Diablo</i></span> in Spanish or <span lang="pt" xml:lang="pt"><i>Garganta do Diabo</i></span>in Portuguese). The Devil's Throat is U-shaped, 82 metres high, 150 m wide, and 700 m long (269×490×2,300 ft). Placenames have been given also to many other smaller falls, such as San Martin Falls, Bossetti Falls and many others.</div>
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Iguazú Falls from the Argentine side</div>
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About 900 metres (2,950 ft) of the 2.7-kilometre (1.7 mi) length does not have water flowing over it. The edge of the basalt cap recedes by 3 mm (0.1 in) per year. The water of the lower Iguazu collects in a canyon that drains in the Paraná River, a short distance downstream from the Itaipu Dam. The junction of the water flows marks the border between Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay. There are points in the cities of Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil, Puerto Iguazú, Argentina, and Ciudad del Este, Paraguay, which have access to the Iguazu River, where the borders of all three nations can be seen, a popular tourist attraction for visitors to the three cities.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Distribution_of_the_Falls_between_Argentina_and_Brazil">Distribution of the Falls between Argentina and Brazil</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline;">[edit]</span></h2>
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The Iguazu Falls are arranged in a way that seems like a reverse letter "J". The border between Brazil and Argentina runs through the Devil's Throat. On the right bank is the Brazilian territory, which has just over 20% of the jumps of these falls, and the left side jumps are Argentine, which make up almost 80% of the falls.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Tourism">Tourism</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline;">[edit]</span></h2>
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Panorama of the falls</div>
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<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">There are two</span> international airports close to Iguazú Falls: the Argentine Cataratas del Iguazú International Airport (IGR) and the Brazilian Foz do Iguaçu International Airport (IGU). Argentina's airport is 25 kilometres (16 mi) from the city of Iguazu but closer to the Falls hotels than its Brazilian counterpart. There is bus and taxi service from and to the Airport-Falls. Brazil's airport is between Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil and the falls. LAN Airlines and Aerolíneas Argentinas have direct flights from Buenos Aires to Iguazu International Airport Krause. Several Brazilian airlines, such as TAM Airlines, GOL,Azul, WebJet, offer service from the main Brazilian cities to Foz do Iguaçu.</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6736167963555859965.post-22711738872577499672013-06-17T09:37:00.001-07:002013-06-17T09:37:13.927-07:00 Mont-Saint-Michel, France<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: arial; line-height: 26px; white-space: nowrap;">Mont-Saint-Michel,</span></h2>
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<b>Mont Saint-Michel</b> is a rocky tidal island 247 acres (100 ha) in size, and is a commune in Normandy, France. It is located approximately one kilometre (just over half a mile) off the country's northwestern coast, at the mouth of the Couesnon River near Avranches. The island's highest point is 92 metres (301 feet) above sea level. The population of the island is 44, as of 2009.</div>
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The island has held strategic fortifications since ancient times, and since the eighth century AD has been the seat of the monastery from which it draws its name. The structural composition of the town exemplifies the feudal society that constructed it. On top God, the abbey and monastery, below this the Great halls, then stores and housing, and at the bottom, outside the walls, fishermen and farmers housing.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">One of France's most recognisable landmarks, Mont Saint-Michel and its bay are part of the UNESCO list of </span></span>World Heritage Sites<span style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 10.828125px;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">and more than 3 million people visit it each year.</span></span></div>
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<b>Le Mont Saint-Michel</b></div>
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<tr><td align="center" colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mont_St_Michel_3,_Brittany,_France_-_July_2011.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Mont St Michel 3, Brittany, France - July 2011.jpg" height="191" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Mont_St_Michel_3%2C_Brittany%2C_France_-_July_2011.jpg/270px-Mont_St_Michel_3%2C_Brittany%2C_France_-_July_2011.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Mont_St_Michel_3%2C_Brittany%2C_France_-_July_2011.jpg/405px-Mont_St_Michel_3%2C_Brittany%2C_France_-_July_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Mont_St_Michel_3%2C_Brittany%2C_France_-_July_2011.jpg/540px-Mont_St_Michel_3%2C_Brittany%2C_France_-_July_2011.jpg 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="270" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;"><small>Le Mont Saint-Michel</small></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color: white; border-top-color: rgb(204, 210, 217); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; vertical-align: middle;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blason_ville_fr_Mont-Saint-Michel_(Manche).svg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Coat of arms of Le Mont Saint-Michel"><img alt="Coat of arms of Le Mont Saint-Michel" height="80" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Blason_ville_fr_Mont-Saint-Michel_%28Manche%29.svg/73px-Blason_ville_fr_Mont-Saint-Michel_%28Manche%29.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Blason_ville_fr_Mont-Saint-Michel_%28Manche%29.svg/109px-Blason_ville_fr_Mont-Saint-Michel_%28Manche%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Blason_ville_fr_Mont-Saint-Michel_%28Manche%29.svg/145px-Blason_ville_fr_Mont-Saint-Michel_%28Manche%29.svg.png 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="73" /></a></td></tr>
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<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:France_location_map-Regions_and_departements.svg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration: none;" title="Le Mont Saint-Michel is located in France"><img alt="Le Mont Saint-Michel is located in France" height="259" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/France_location_map-Regions_and_departements.svg/270px-France_location_map-Regions_and_departements.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/France_location_map-Regions_and_departements.svg/405px-France_location_map-Regions_and_departements.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/France_location_map-Regions_and_departements.svg/540px-France_location_map-Regions_and_departements.svg.png 2x" style="border: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="270" /></a><div style="height: 0px; left: 27.100000381469727%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 27.299999237060547%; width: 0px; z-index: 2;">
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<img alt="" height="6" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" style="border: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="6" /></div>
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<span style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 1px;">Le Mont Saint-Michel</span></div>
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Location within Lower Normandy region </div>
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<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #ccccff; vertical-align: top;">Administration</th></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Country</td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="adr">France</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Region</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">Lower Normandy</td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Department</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">Manche</td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Arrondissement</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">Avranches</td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Canton</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">Pontorson</td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Intercommunality</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">Communauté de communes de Pontorson - Le Mont-Saint-Michel</td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Mayor</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">Éric Vannier<br /><small>(2008–2014)</small></td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #ccccff; vertical-align: top;">Statistics</th></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Elevation</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">5–80 m (16–260 ft)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Land area<sup style="line-height: 1em;"><small>1</small></sup></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">0.97 km<sup style="line-height: 1em;">2</sup> (0.37 sq mi)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;">Population<sup style="line-height: 1em;"><small>2</small></sup></td><td style="vertical-align: top;">42 <small>(2008)</small></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"> - Density</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">43 /km<sup style="line-height: 1em;">2</sup> (110 /sq mi)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top; width: 94px;">INSEE/Postal code</td><td style="vertical-align: top;">50353/ 50116</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top-color: rgb(204, 210, 217); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 10px; line-height: 15px; vertical-align: top;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;">1</sup> French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km² (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="font-size: 10px; line-height: 15px; vertical-align: top;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;">2</sup> <i>Population without double counting</i>: residents of multiple communes (e.g., students and military personnel) only counted once.</td></tr>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Geography </h3>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Formation">Formation</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline;">[edit]</span></h3>
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In prehistoric times the bay was land. As sea levels rose, erosion shaped the coastal landscape over thousands of years. Several blocks of granite or granulite emerged in the bay, having resisted the wear and tear of the ocean better than the surrounding rocks. These included Lillemer, the Mont-Dol, Tombelaine (the island just to the north), and Mont Tombe, later called Mont Saint-Michel. The Mont has a circumference of about 960 meters and 92 meters at its highest</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Tides">Tides</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline;">[edit]</span></h3>
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The tides in the area change quickly, and have been described by Victor Hugo as swiftly as a galloping horse".</div>
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The tides can vary greatly, at roughly 14 metres (46 ft) between high and low water marks. Popularly nicknamed "St. Michael in peril of the sea" by medieval pilgrims making their way across the flats, the mount can still pose dangers for visitors who avoid the causeway and attempt the hazardous walk across the sands from the neighbouring coast.</div>
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Polderisation and occasional flooding created salt marsh meadows that were found to be ideally suited to grazing sheep. The well-flavoured meat that results from the diet of the sheep in the <i>pré salé</i> (salt meadow) makes <i>agneau de pré-salé</i> (salt meadow lamb), a local specialty that may be found on the menus of restaurants that depend on income from the many visitors to the mount.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Tidal_island">Tidal island</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline;">[edit]</span></h3>
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<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MtStMichel_avion.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="257" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/MtStMichel_avion.jpg/330px-MtStMichel_avion.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/MtStMichel_avion.jpg/495px-MtStMichel_avion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/MtStMichel_avion.jpg/660px-MtStMichel_avion.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="330" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
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<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MtStMichel_avion.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
Low tide in 2005</div>
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Mont Saint-Michel was previously connected to the mainland via a tidal causeway, i.e., a trackway covered at high tide and revealed at low tide. This connection has been altered over the centuries. The coastal flats have been polderised to create pastureland, thus the distance between the shore and the south coast of Mont Saint-Michel has decreased, and the Couesnon River has been canalised, reducing the dispersion of the flow of water, and thereby encouraging a silting-up of the bay. In 1879, the tidal causeway was converted into a raised or dry causeway. This prevented the tide from scouring the silt around the mount.</div>
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On 16 June 2006, the French prime minister and regional authorities announced a €164 million project (<i>Projet Mont-Saint-Michel</i>) to build a hydraulic dam using the waters of the river Couesnon and of tides to help remove the accumulated silt deposited by the rising tides, and to make Mont Saint-Michel an island again. It was projected to be completed by 2015.</div>
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The construction of the dam began in 2009 and is now complete. The project also included the removal of the causeway and its visitor car-park. It will be replaced by a light bridge, allowing the waters to flow freely around the island, which will improve the efficiency of the now operational dam, and a replacement car-park on the mainland. Visitors will use small shuttles to cross the future bridge which will still be open to pedestrians and unmotorised vehicles.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJssiUT41d-g9ivfAQozz5pYuyA1oRtxFAYUfWZrj4eVGzAgDDX_WajI-OpcireAFy2mvt61L42PjHkX1YVPhqZ7qmwZm6m817Sr92i3qko_cv8Q6CkIqPg7Rt2hmbV08GsC0LbiHjaeDG/s1600/130426150957-unesco-mont-st-michel-horizontal-gallery.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJssiUT41d-g9ivfAQozz5pYuyA1oRtxFAYUfWZrj4eVGzAgDDX_WajI-OpcireAFy2mvt61L42PjHkX1YVPhqZ7qmwZm6m817Sr92i3qko_cv8Q6CkIqPg7Rt2hmbV08GsC0LbiHjaeDG/s320/130426150957-unesco-mont-st-michel-horizontal-gallery.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6736167963555859965.post-15263156807969037902013-06-16T05:59:00.004-07:002013-06-19T13:49:52.355-07:00Los Glaciares National Park, Argentina<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<b>Los Glaciares National Park</b></h2>
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<b>Parque Nacional Los Glaciares</b> (Spanish: <i>The Glaciers</i>) is a national park in the Santa Cruz Province, in Argentine Patagonia. It comprises an area of 4459 km². In 1981 it was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.</div>
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The national park, created in 1937, is the second largest in Argentina. Its name refers to the giant ice cap in the Andes range that feeds 47 large glaciers, of which only 13 flow towards the Atlantic Ocean. The ice cap is the largest outside of Antarctica and Greenland. In other parts of the world, glaciers start at a height of at least 2,500 meters above mean sea level, but due to the size of the ice cap, these glaciers begin at only 1,500m, sliding down to 200m AMSL, eroding the surface of the mountains that support them.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Geography">Geography</span></h2>
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<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Walkways_close_to_Perito_Moreno_Glacier.jpg" style="background-image: none; clear: right; color: #0b0080; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Walkways close to Perito Moreno Glacier.jpg" height="213" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Walkways_close_to_Perito_Moreno_Glacier.jpg/284px-Walkways_close_to_Perito_Moreno_Glacier.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Walkways_close_to_Perito_Moreno_Glacier.jpg/426px-Walkways_close_to_Perito_Moreno_Glacier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Walkways_close_to_Perito_Moreno_Glacier.jpg/568px-Walkways_close_to_Perito_Moreno_Glacier.jpg 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="284" /></a><span class="mw-headline"></span><br />
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<span class="mw-headline">Los Glaciares, of which 30% is covered by ice, can be divided in two parts, each corresponding with one of the two elongated big lakes partially contained by the Park. Lake Argentino, 1,466 km² and the largest in Argentina, is in the south, while Lake Viedma, 1,100 km², is in the north. Both lakes feed the Santa Cruz River that flows down to Puerto Santa Cruz on the Atlantic. Between the two halves is a non-touristic zone without lakes called <i>Zona Centro</i>.</span></div>
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The northern half consists of part of Viedma Lake, the Viedma Glacier and a few minor glaciers, and a number of mountains very popular among fans of climbing and trekking, including Mount Fitz Roy and Cerro Torre.</div>
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The southern part has, as well as a number of smaller ones, the major glaciers which flow into Lake Argentino: Perito Moreno Glacier,Upsala Glacier, and Spegazzini Glacier</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
. Typical excursion boats travel between icebergs to visit Bahía Onelli, and the otherwise inaccessible Spegazzini and Upsala. The Perito Moreno is reachable by land<br />
<table cellspacing="3" class="infobox vcard" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-spacing: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 300px;"><tbody>
<tr><th class="fn org" colspan="2" style="font-size: 14px; padding: 0em 0.1em; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Los Glaciares National Park</th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><div style="background-color: #cde5b2;">
IUCN category II (national park)</div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><br />
Walkways heading Perito Moreno Glacier</td></tr>
<tr class="locality"><th scope="row" style="padding: 0em 0em 0em 0.3em; vertical-align: top;">Location</th><td style="padding: 0em 0.3em; vertical-align: top;">Santa Cruz Province, Argentina</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding: 0em 0em 0em 0.3em; vertical-align: top;">Coordinates</th><td style="padding: 0em 0.3em; vertical-align: top;"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="geo-default" style="display: inline;"><span class="geo-dms" style="display: inline;" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude" style="white-space: nowrap;">50°0′0″S</span> <span class="longitude" style="white-space: nowrap;">73°14′58″W</span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding: 0em 0em 0em 0.3em; vertical-align: top;">Area</th><td style="padding: 0em 0.3em; vertical-align: top;">4459 km²</td></tr>
<tr class="note"><th scope="row" style="padding: 0em 0em 0em 0.3em; vertical-align: top;">Established</th><td style="padding: 0em 0.3em; vertical-align: top;">1937</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding: 0em 0em 0em 0.3em; vertical-align: top;">Governing body</th><td style="padding: 0em 0.3em; vertical-align: top;">Administración de Parques Nacionales</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="padding: 0em 0.3em; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="border: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><div style="border: 4px solid rgb(255, 225, 83); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.5; width: 274.546875px;">
UNESCO World Heritage Site</div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="border: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><i>Official name: Los Glaciares</i></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: top;">Type:</th><td style="border: 0px; vertical-align: top;">Natural</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: top;">Criteria:</th><td style="border: 0px; vertical-align: top;">vii, viii</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: top;">Designated:</th><td style="border: 0px; vertical-align: top;">1981 <small>(5th session)</small></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: top;">Reference No.</th><td style="border: 0px; vertical-align: top;">145</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: top;">State Party:</th><td style="border: 0px; vertical-align: top;">Argentina</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: top;">Region:</th><td style="border: 0px; vertical-align: top;">Latin America and the Caribbean</td></tr>
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<h3>
<span class="mw-headline">Human Activity </span></h3>
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<span class="mw-headline"></span><br />
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<span class="mw-headline">Los Glaciares is a major attraction for international tourists, and has an annual budget of one million dollars (1994). Starting points of tours are the village of El Calafate at the shore of Lake Argentino but outside the park, where the park's administration has its headquarters, and El Chaltén village in the northern part of the park, at the foot of the Fitz Roy. Other touristic points in the park include Lago del Desierto and Lago Roca.</span></div>
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<ul class="gallery" style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 2px; padding: 2px; zoom: 1;">
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<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SantaCruz-LosGlaciares-P2150249b.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="90" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/SantaCruz-LosGlaciares-P2150249b.jpg/120px-SantaCruz-LosGlaciares-P2150249b.jpg" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="120" /></a></div>
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Iceberg at Lake Argentino's northern arm</div>
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<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iceberg_Argentino_lake.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="80" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Iceberg_Argentino_lake.jpg/120px-Iceberg_Argentino_lake.jpg" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="120" /></a></div>
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Iceberg floating in the Argentino Lake near the Upsala Glacier</div>
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<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SantaCruz-CerroTorre-FitzRoyP2140126b-closeup.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="95" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/SantaCruz-CerroTorre-FitzRoyP2140126b-closeup.jpg/120px-SantaCruz-CerroTorre-FitzRoyP2140126b-closeup.jpg" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="120" /></a></div>
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Aerial view of Cerro Torre (left) and Mount Fitz Roy</div>
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<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SantaCruz-Spegazzini-CaidaAnimation.gif" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="97" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/SantaCruz-Spegazzini-CaidaAnimation.gif/120px-SantaCruz-Spegazzini-CaidaAnimation.gif" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="120" /></a></div>
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Part of the 100 meter wall of the Spegazzini glacier falling</div>
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<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lago_Argentina_from_space.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="120" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Lago_Argentina_from_space.jpg/120px-Lago_Argentina_from_space.jpg" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="120" /></a></div>
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The national park as seen from space</div>
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<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_patagonian_ice_field_is_situated_in_Los_Glaciales_National_Park,_Argentina..jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="120" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/60/The_patagonian_ice_field_is_situated_in_Los_Glaciales_National_Park%2C_Argentina..jpg/120px-The_patagonian_ice_field_is_situated_in_Los_Glaciales_National_Park%2C_Argentina..jpg" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; display: block; margin: 0px auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="120" /></a></div>
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<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
The Viedma Glacier flowing into Lake Viedma(NASA)</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheIOtmNV3ttebrrR3S1OX9c8a4gucTIUWnF93Sizev_YULwP45enDz4bbn4fTmC9TBl9gdaKPYULHp0tr7xE77dMxJSVBr6zrVZWM0Uv4hgXyiNHqHB91fWhhPXQwgii4Xirk5SHZsN21B/s1600/130426151228-unesco-mereno-glacier-horizontal-gallery.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheIOtmNV3ttebrrR3S1OX9c8a4gucTIUWnF93Sizev_YULwP45enDz4bbn4fTmC9TBl9gdaKPYULHp0tr7xE77dMxJSVBr6zrVZWM0Uv4hgXyiNHqHB91fWhhPXQwgii4Xirk5SHZsN21B/s320/130426151228-unesco-mereno-glacier-horizontal-gallery.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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</span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6736167963555859965.post-60349995637579728402013-06-14T16:45:00.001-07:002013-06-14T16:45:40.912-07:00 Mount Fuji, Honshu Island, Japan<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Mount Fuji</h2>
<div>
<b style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">Mount Fuji</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">, located on Honshu Island, is the highest </span>mountain<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> in </span>Japan<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> at 3,776.24 m (12,389 ft).</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> An </span>active<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span>stratovolcano<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> that last erupted in 1707–08, Mount Fuji lies about 100 kilometres (60 mi) south-west of </span>Tokyo<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">, and can be seen from there on a clear day. Mount Fuji's exceptionally symmetrical cone, which is snow-capped several months a year, is a well-known symbol of Japan and it is frequently depicted in art and photographs, as well as visited by sightseers and climbers. It is one of Japan's "Three Holy Mountains"</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> along with </span>Mount Tate<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> and </span>Mount Haku<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">; it is a </span>Special Place of Scenic Beauty<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">, a </span>Historic Site<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">, and has been submitted for future inscription on the </span>World Heritage List<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> as a Cultural (rather than Natural) Site</span></div>
<table cellspacing="3" class="infobox vcard" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 23em;"><tbody>
<tr><th class="fn org" colspan="2" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; font-size: 15px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Mount Fuji</th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:01_Fujisan_from_Yamanakako_2004-2-7.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="01 Fujisan from Yamanakako 2004-2-7.jpg" height="189" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/01_Fujisan_from_Yamanakako_2004-2-7.jpg/280px-01_Fujisan_from_Yamanakako_2004-2-7.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/01_Fujisan_from_Yamanakako_2004-2-7.jpg/420px-01_Fujisan_from_Yamanakako_2004-2-7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/01_Fujisan_from_Yamanakako_2004-2-7.jpg/560px-01_Fujisan_from_Yamanakako_2004-2-7.jpg 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="280" /></a><br />
Mount Fuji reflected on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Yamanaka" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lake Yamanaka">Lake Yamanaka</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.2em 0em; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;">Elevation</th><td style="padding: 0.2em 0em; vertical-align: top;">3,776 m (12,388 ft)</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.2em 0em; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;">Prominence</th><td style="padding: 0.2em 0em; vertical-align: top;">3,776 m (12,388 ft)<br />
<small>Ranked 35th</small></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.2em 0em; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;">Listing</th><td class="category" style="padding: 0.2em 0em; vertical-align: top;">Highest peak in Japan<br />
Ultra<br />
List of mountains in Japan<br />
100 Famous Japanese Mountains</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.2em 0em; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;"><br /></th><td style="padding: 0.2em 0em; vertical-align: top;"><br /></td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Location</th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="padding: 0.2em 0em; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><div class="center" style="width: 282px;">
<div style="clear: both; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 272px;">
<div style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 0px; width: 272px;">
<div style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; position: relative;">
<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Japan_natural_location_map_with_side_map_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration: none;" title="Mount Fuji is located in Japan"><img alt="Mount Fuji is located in Japan" height="246" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Japan_natural_location_map_with_side_map_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands.jpg/272px-Japan_natural_location_map_with_side_map_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Japan_natural_location_map_with_side_map_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands.jpg/408px-Japan_natural_location_map_with_side_map_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Japan_natural_location_map_with_side_map_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands.jpg/544px-Japan_natural_location_map_with_side_map_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands.jpg 2x" style="border: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="272" /></a><br />
<div style="height: 0px; left: 49.8858757019043%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 66.30050659179688%; width: 0px; z-index: 2;">
<div style="font-size: 10px; left: -5px; line-height: 0; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; position: relative; top: -5px; width: 10px;" title="">
<img alt="" height="9" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/10px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/15px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/20px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 2x" style="border: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="10" /></div>
<div style="font-size: 11px; left: 0.5em; line-height: 12px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; position: relative; text-align: left; top: -1.5em; width: 6em; z-index: 90;">
<span style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 1px;">Mount Fuji</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="font-size: 11px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding-top: 3px;">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Chūbu region, Honshu, Japan</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.2em 0em; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;">Coordinates</th><td style="padding: 0.2em 0em; vertical-align: top;"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><img alt="" class="wmamapbutton noprint" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/WMA_button2b.png/17px-WMA_button2b.png" style="border: none; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; vertical-align: middle;" title="Show location on an interactive map" /><span class="geo-default" style="display: inline;"><span class="geo-dms" style="display: inline;" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude" style="white-space: nowrap;">35°21′28.8″N</span> <span class="longitude" style="white-space: nowrap;">138°43′51.6″E</span></span></span></span></span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Triangulation_station_2-1" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><br /></sup></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.2em 0em; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;">Topo map</th><td style="padding: 0.2em 0em; vertical-align: top;">Geospatial Information Authority25000:1<br />
50000:1 </td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Geology</th></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.2em 0em; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;">Type</th><td style="padding: 0.2em 0em; vertical-align: top;">Stratovolcano</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.2em 0em; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;">Last eruption</th><td style="padding: 0.2em 0em; vertical-align: top;">1707-08</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Climbing</th></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.2em 0em; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;">First ascent</th><td style="padding: 0.2em 0em; vertical-align: top;">663 by an anonymous monk</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.2em 0em; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;">Easiest route</th><td style="padding: 0.2em 0em; vertical-align: top;">Hiking</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19.1875px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2>
<div>
<span class="mw-headline"></span><br />
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span class="mw-headline">Mount Fuji is an attractive volcanic cone and a frequent subject of Japanese art especially after 1600, when Edo became the actual capital and people saw the mountain while traveling on the Tōkaidō-road. Among the most renowned works are Hokusai's <i>36 Views of Mount Fuji</i> and his <i>One Hundred Views of Mount Fuji</i>. The mountain is mentioned in Japanese literature throughout the ages and is the subject of many poems.</span></div>
<span class="mw-headline">
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">It is thought that the first ascent was in 663 by an anonymous monk.</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;"> The summit has been thought of as sacred since ancient times and was forbidden to women until the Meiji Era. Ancient samurai used the base of the mountain as a remote training area, near the present day town of Gotemba. The shogun Minamoto no Yoritomo held </span></span><i style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">yabusame</i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;"> in the area in the early Kamakura period.</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">The first ascent by a foreigner was by Sir Rutherford Alcock in September 1868, from the foot of the mountain to the top in eight hours and three hours for the descent. Alcock's brief narrative in <i>The Capital of the Tycoon</i> was the first widely disseminated description of the mountain in the West. Lady Fanny Parkes, the wife of British ambassador Sir Harry Parkes, was the first non-Japanese woman to ascend Mount Fuji in 1869.</span><span style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 10.828125px;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">Photographer Felix Beato climbed Mount Fuji in the same year.</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
Today, Mount Fuji is an international destination for tourism and mountain-climbing. In the early 20th century, populist educator Frederick Starr's Chautauqua lectures about his several ascents of Mount Fuji—1913, 1919, and 1923—were widely known in America. A well-known Japanese saying suggests that anybody would be a fool not to climb Mount Fuji once—but a fool to do so twice. It remains a popular meme in Japanese culture, including making numerous movie appearances, inspiring the Infiniti logo, and even appearing in medicine with the Mount Fuji sign.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
In September 2004, the manned weather station at the summit was closed after 72 years in operation. Observers monitored radar sweeps that detected typhoons and heavy rains. The station, which was the highest in Japan at 3,780 metres (12,402 ft), was replaced by a fully automated meteorological system.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
In early 2013, various sources suggested that the magma chamber pressure could lead to an eruption "in early 2015 or sooner" of VEI 5 or 6 depending on how the pressure is released. Effects could range from regional air disruption comparable to the Icelandic volcano, Grímsvötn of 2011 to a catastrophe rivaling the destruction of Krakatoa (Krakatau) causing worldwide climatic disruption for years.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
Some theories also suggest that magnetic field "bucks" precede large eruptions as the magma circulation generates a mini magnetosphere in much the same way as the Earth's field is generated. This could also explain the frequent reports of fireballs and "earthquake lights" as ionised gas from volcanic vents is formed into self-sustained plasma vortices which can persist for hours if conditions are right.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
As of 2011, the Japan Self-Defense Forces and the United States Marine Corps continue to operate military bases near Mount Fuji.</div>
<h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Climate">Climate</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: xx-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline;">[edit]</span></h3>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">The summit of Mount Fuji has a tundra climate . The temperature is very low at the high altitude, and the cone is covered by snow for several months of the year. The lowest recorded temperature is −38.0 °C recorded in February 1981, and the highest temperature was 17.8 °C recorded in August 1942</span><span style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 10.828125px;">.</span></div>
<table class="wikitable collapsible" id="collapsibleTable0" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.1em; margin: auto; text-align: center; width: 1010px;"><tbody>
<tr><th colspan="14" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><br />Climate data for Mount Fuji Averages (1981–2010) Records (1932–2011)</th></tr>
<tr><th style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Month</th><th style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><abbr class="abbr" style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; cursor: help;" title="January">Jan</abbr></th><th style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><abbr class="abbr" style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; cursor: help;" title="February">Feb</abbr></th><th style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><abbr class="abbr" style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; cursor: help;" title="March">Mar</abbr></th><th style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><abbr class="abbr" style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; cursor: help;" title="April">Apr</abbr></th><th style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">May</th><th style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><abbr class="abbr" style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; cursor: help;" title="June">Jun</abbr></th><th style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><abbr class="abbr" style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; cursor: help;" title="July">Jul</abbr></th><th style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><abbr class="abbr" style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; cursor: help;" title="August">Aug</abbr></th><th style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><abbr class="abbr" style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; cursor: help;" title="September">Sep</abbr></th><th style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><abbr class="abbr" style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; cursor: help;" title="October">Oct</abbr></th><th style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><abbr class="abbr" style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; cursor: help;" title="November">Nov</abbr></th><th style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><abbr class="abbr" style="border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; cursor: help;" title="December">Dec</abbr></th><th style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px medium; padding: 0.2em;">Year</th></tr>
<tr><th height="16" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Record high °C (°F)</th><td style="background-color: #ddddff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">−1.7<br />
(28.9)</td><td style="background-color: #e6e6ff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">0.0<br />
(32)</td><td style="background-color: #ececff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">1.0<br />
(33.8)</td><td style="background-color: #fffdfc; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">4.7<br />
(40.5)</td><td style="background-color: #ffc994; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">12.2<br />
(54)</td><td style="background-color: #ffc993; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">12.3<br />
(54.1)</td><td style="background-color: #ffa64d; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">17.4<br />
(63.3)</td><td style="background-color: #ffa347; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">17.8<br />
(64)</td><td style="background-color: #ffad5c; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">16.3<br />
(61.3)</td><td style="background-color: #ffd6ad; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">10.4<br />
(50.7)</td><td style="background-color: #ffeedd; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">6.9<br />
(44.4)</td><td style="background-color: #fafaff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">3.6<br />
(38.5)</td><td style="background-color: #ffa347; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px medium; font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">17.8<br />
(64)</td></tr>
<tr><th height="16" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Average high °C (°F)</th><td style="background-color: #9191ff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">−15.7<br />
(3.7)</td><td style="background-color: #9797ff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">−14.7<br />
(5.5)</td><td style="background-color: #ababff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">−10.9<br />
(12.4)</td><td style="background-color: #c7c7ff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">−5.7<br />
(21.7)</td><td style="background-color: #e2e2ff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">−0.8<br />
(30.6)</td><td style="background-color: #fafaff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">3.6<br />
(38.5)</td><td style="background-color: #ffead5; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">7.5<br />
(45.5)</td><td style="background-color: #ffddbc; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">9.3<br />
(48.7)</td><td style="background-color: #fff3e8; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">6.1<br />
(43)</td><td style="background-color: #e6e6ff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">−0.1<br />
(31.8)</td><td style="background-color: #c4c4ff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">−6.4<br />
(20.5)</td><td style="background-color: #a4a4ff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">−12.2<br />
(10)</td><td style="background-color: #d4d4ff; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px medium; font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">−3.4<br />
(25.9)</td></tr>
<tr><th height="16" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Daily mean °C (°F)</th><td style="background-color: #8383ff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">−18.4<br />
(−1.1)</td><td style="background-color: #8686ff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">−17.8<br />
(0)</td><td style="background-color: #9a9aff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">−14.2<br />
(6.4)</td><td style="background-color: #b7b7ff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">−8.7<br />
(16.3)</td><td style="background-color: #d4d4ff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">−3.4<br />
(25.9)</td><td style="background-color: #ececff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">1.1<br />
(34)</td><td style="background-color: #fffcf9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">4.9<br />
(40.8)</td><td style="background-color: #fff3e7; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">6.2<br />
(43.2)</td><td style="background-color: #f7f7ff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">3.2<br />
(37.8)</td><td style="background-color: #d7d7ff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">−2.8<br />
(27)</td><td style="background-color: #b5b5ff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">−9.2<br />
(15.4)</td><td style="background-color: #9595ff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">−15.1<br />
(4.8)</td><td style="background-color: #c5c5ff; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px medium; font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">−6.2<br />
(20.8)</td></tr>
<tr><th height="16" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Average low °C (°F)</th><td style="background-color: #7171ff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">−21.7<br />
(−7.1)</td><td style="background-color: #7272ff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">−21.5<br />
(−6.7)</td><td style="background-color: #8686ff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">−17.8<br />
(0)</td><td style="background-color: #a5a5ff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">−12.1<br />
(10.2)</td><td style="background-color: #c3c3ff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">−6.5<br />
(20.3)</td><td style="background-color: #dedeff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">−1.6<br />
(29.1)</td><td style="background-color: #f3f3ff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">2.4<br />
(36.3)</td><td style="background-color: #fafaff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">3.6<br />
(38.5)</td><td style="background-color: #e8e8ff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">0.4<br />
(32.7)</td><td style="background-color: #c7c7ff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">−5.8<br />
(21.6)</td><td style="background-color: #a4a4ff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">−12.2<br />
(10)</td><td style="background-color: #8383ff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">−18.3<br />
(−0.9)</td><td style="background-color: #b4b4ff; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px medium; font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">−9.3<br />
(15.3)</td></tr>
<tr><th height="16" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;">Record low °C (°F)</th><td style="background-color: #1d1dff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); color: white; font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">−37.3<br />
(−35.1)</td><td style="background-color: #1919ff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); color: white; font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">−38<br />
(−36)</td><td style="background-color: #2f2fff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); color: white; font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">−33.9<br />
(−29)</td><td style="background-color: #5050ff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); color: white; font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">−27.8<br />
(−18)</td><td style="background-color: #8080ff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">−18.9<br />
(−2)</td><td style="background-color: #a0a0ff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">−13.1<br />
(8.4)</td><td style="background-color: #c1c1ff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">−6.9<br />
(19.6)</td><td style="background-color: #cfcfff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">−4.3<br />
(24.3)</td><td style="background-color: #acacff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">−10.8<br />
(12.6)</td><td style="background-color: #7d7dff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">−19.5<br />
(−3.1)</td><td style="background-color: #4f4fff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); color: white; font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">−28.1<br />
(−18.6)</td><td style="background-color: #3434ff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); color: white; font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">−33<br />
(−27)</td><td style="background-color: #1919ff; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px medium; color: white; font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">−38<br />
(−36)</td></tr>
<tr><th height="16" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"> % humidity</th><td style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">-</td><td style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">-</td><td style="background-color: #2121ff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); color: white; font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">58</td><td style="background-color: #1919ff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); color: white; font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">60</td><td style="background-color: #1515ff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); color: white; font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">61</td><td style="background-color: #0000f2; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); color: white; font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">70</td><td style="background-color: #0000cf; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); color: white; font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">79</td><td style="background-color: #0000e6; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); color: white; font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">73</td><td style="background-color: #0000f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); color: white; font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">68</td><td style="background-color: #3434ff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); color: white; font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">53</td><td style="background-color: #3f3fff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); color: white; font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">50</td><td style="background-color: #4b4bff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); color: white; font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">47</td><td style="background-color: white; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px medium; font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;">-</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="14" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 10px; padding: 0.2em;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE4PC5PONm5GA4YXzRZyMgRhqGWA8Tc7SFnOyUYR4K7Y53l4LHcg7bl3bZictcthBP13jj5LcK-6tPPMTdWam_5TpOzpk8rOBs208ID6Ejlx7bP_GFjICYPLCf-d_8E-ndQk63u4VkNkRi/s1600/fuji.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE4PC5PONm5GA4YXzRZyMgRhqGWA8Tc7SFnOyUYR4K7Y53l4LHcg7bl3bZictcthBP13jj5LcK-6tPPMTdWam_5TpOzpk8rOBs208ID6Ejlx7bP_GFjICYPLCf-d_8E-ndQk63u4VkNkRi/s320/fuji.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><br /></sup></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6736167963555859965.post-58653826455756772322013-06-13T12:50:00.001-07:002013-06-13T12:57:08.302-07:00Bodiam Castle<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Bodiam Castle</h2>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<b>Bodiam Castle</b> is a 14th-century moated castle near Robertsbridge in East Sussex, England. It was built in 1385 by Sir Edward Dalyngrigge, a former knight of Edward III, with the permission of Richard II, ostensibly to defend the area against French invasion during the Hundred Years' War. Of quadrangular plan, Bodiam Castle has no keep, having its various chambers built around the outer defensive walls and inner courts. Its corners and entrance are marked by towers, and topped by crenellations. Its structure, details and situation in an artificial watery landscape indicate that display was an important aspect of the castle's design as well as defence. It was the home of the Dalyngrigge family and the centre of the manor of Bodiam.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
Possession of Bodiam Castle passed through several generations of Dalyngrigges, until their line became extinct, when the castle passed by marriage to the Lewknor family. During the Wars of the Roses, Sir Thomas Lewknor supported the House of Lancaster, and whenRichard III of the House of York became king in 1483, a force was despatched to besiege Bodiam Castle. It is unrecorded whether the siege went ahead, but it is thought that Bodiam was surrendered without much resistance. The castle was confiscated, but returned to the Lewknors when Henry VII of the House of Lancaster became king in 1485. Descendants of the Lewknors owned the castle until at least the 16th century.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
By the start of the English Civil War in 1641, Bodiam Castle was in the possession of John Tufton. He supported the Royalist cause, and sold the castle to help pay fines levied against him by Parliament. The castle was subsequently dismantled, and was left as a picturesque ruin until its purchase by John Fuller in 1829. Under his auspices, the castle was partially restored before being sold to George Cubitt, 1st Baron Ashcombe, and later to Lord Curzon, both of whom undertook further restoration work. The castle is protected as a Grade I listed building and Scheduled Monument. It has been owned by The National Trust since 1925, donated by Lord Curzon on his death, and is open to the public. </div>
<table class="infobox vcard" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 315px;"><tbody>
<tr><th class="fn org" colspan="2" style="background-color: lightsteelblue; font-size: 13px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Bodiam Castle</th></tr>
<tr><td class="label" colspan="2" style="background-color: gainsboro; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Robertsbridge, East Sussex</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 10px; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bodiam-castle-10My8-1197.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Photo of Bodiam Castle at sunset with towers and battlements reflected in a wide moat. A path leads away from the entrance of the castle across two islands." height="200" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Bodiam-castle-10My8-1197.jpg/300px-Bodiam-castle-10My8-1197.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Bodiam-castle-10My8-1197.jpg/450px-Bodiam-castle-10My8-1197.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Bodiam-castle-10My8-1197.jpg/600px-Bodiam-castle-10My8-1197.jpg 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="300" /></a><br />
Bodiam Castle from the northwest</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 10px; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><center>
<div class="center" style="width: 303px;">
<div class="thumb tnone" style="background-color: transparent; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: auto;">
<div class="thumbinner" style="border: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; width: 222px;">
<div style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; position: relative;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:East_Sussex_UK_location_map.svg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration: none;" title="Bodiam Castle is located in East Sussex"><img alt="Bodiam Castle is located in East Sussex" height="143" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/East_Sussex_UK_location_map.svg/220px-East_Sussex_UK_location_map.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/East_Sussex_UK_location_map.svg/330px-East_Sussex_UK_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/East_Sussex_UK_location_map.svg/440px-East_Sussex_UK_location_map.svg.png 2x" style="border: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><br />
<div style="height: 0px; left: 69.19999694824219%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 39.5%; width: 0px; z-index: 2;">
<div style="font-size: 8px; left: -4px; line-height: 0; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; position: relative; top: -4px; width: 8px; z-index: 100;" title="">
<img alt="" height="8" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" style="border: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="8" /></div>
<div style="font-size: 9px; left: 0.5em; line-height: 9px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; position: relative; text-align: left; top: -1.5em; width: 6em; z-index: 90;">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 9px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
Shown within East Sussex</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</center>
</td></tr>
<tr><th style="padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;">Coordinates</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">grid reference <span style="white-space: nowrap;">TQ785256</span></td></tr>
<tr class="note"><th style="padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;">Built</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">1385</td></tr>
<tr class="note"><th style="padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;">Built by</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">Sir Edward Dalyngrigge</td></tr>
<tr><th style="padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;">Construction<br />
materials</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">Sandstone</td></tr>
<tr class="note"><th style="padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;">Demolished</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">Post English Civil War</td></tr>
<tr><th style="padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;">Current<br />
condition</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">Ruins</td></tr>
<tr><th style="padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;">Current<br />
owner</th></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19.1875px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Construction_and_use">Construction and use</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline;">[edit]</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
<div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 302px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_photo_of_Bodiam_Castle.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="An aerial view of the Bodiam. The square castle is surrounded by a roughly square moat, and beyond that stretch green fields." class="thumbimage" height="225" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Aerial_photo_of_Bodiam_Castle.jpg/300px-Aerial_photo_of_Bodiam_Castle.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Aerial_photo_of_Bodiam_Castle.jpg/450px-Aerial_photo_of_Bodiam_Castle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Aerial_photo_of_Bodiam_Castle.jpg/600px-Aerial_photo_of_Bodiam_Castle.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="300" /></a><br />
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
<div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_photo_of_Bodiam_Castle.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf5/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
Bodiam Castle was built on a fresh site.</div>
</div>
</div>
<blockquote class="templatequote" style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin-top: 0px;">
<div class="Bug6200">
... Know that of our special grace we have granted and given license on behalf of ourselves and our heirs, so far as in us lies, to our beloved and faithful Edward Dalyngrigge Knight, that he may strengthen with a wall of stone and lime, and crenellate and may construct and make into a Castle his manor house of Bodyham, near the sea, in the County of Sussex, for the defence of the adjacent country, and the resistance to our enemies ... In witness of which etc. The King at Westminster 20 October.</div>
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—Excerpt from the license to crenellate allowing Edward Dalyngrigge to build a castle from the Patent Rolls of 1385–89</div>
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<span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">Dalyngrigge's licence from Richard II permitted him to refortify his existing manor house, but instead he chose a fresh site to build a castle on. Construction was completed in one phase, and most of the castle is in the same architectural style. Archaeologist David Thackray has deduced from this that Bodiam Castle was built quickly, probably because of the threat from the French.</span><span style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 10.828125px;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">Stone castles were usually time-consuming and expensive to build, often costing thousands of pounds.</span></span><span style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 10.828125px;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">Dalyngrigge was Captain of the port of Brest in France from 1386 to 1387, and as a result was probably absent for the first years of the castle's construction. It replaced the old manor house as Dalyngrigge's main residence and the administrative centre of the manor. It is not recorded when Bodiam Castle was completed, but Thackray suggests that it was before 1392; Dalyngrigge did not have long to spend in the completed castle, as he was dead by 1395.</span></span></div>
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Edward's estates, including the castle, were inherited by his son, John Dalyngrigge. Like his father, John enjoyed the favour of the king and was described as the "King's Knight"; in 1400 he was granted an annual allowance of 100 marks by the king. He died on 27 September 1408; his will ensured that his property belonged to his widow, Alice. John and Alice had no children, so on her death in 1443 the estates and castle were passed on to Richard Dalyngrigge, John's cousin. Richard died without issue, so in accordance with John's will the estates passed on to Richard's sister Philippa in 1470. She was married to Sir Thomas Lewknor, from a prominent Sussex family who owned land all over the country.</div>
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<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Castle_Bodiam1_cz.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Photo of Bodiam Castle across the water, framed by oak leaves. The alternation of large round towers at the corners and square towers central to each face can be seen. Daylight visible through upper windows indicates that the roofs and inner structures are ruined." class="thumbimage" height="146" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Castle_Bodiam1_cz.jpg/220px-Castle_Bodiam1_cz.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Castle_Bodiam1_cz.jpg/330px-Castle_Bodiam1_cz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Castle_Bodiam1_cz.jpg/440px-Castle_Bodiam1_cz.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><br />
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In 1483, Thomas Howard, the Earl of Surrey, prepared to besiege Bodiam Castle.</div>
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Sir Thomas Lewknor was a supporter of the House of Lancaster during the Wars of the Roses, which began in 1455. When Richard of the House of York ascended to the throne as Richard III in 1483, Lewknor was accused of treason and of raising men-at-arms in southeast England. In November 1483, Lewknor's uncle and Thomas Howard, the Earl of Surrey, were given permission to levy men and besiege Bodiam Castle, where Lewknor was based. It is not recorded whether the siege went ahead, and Thackray suggests that Lewknor surrendered without much resistance. His property was confiscated, and Nicholas Rigby was made constable of the castle. On Henry VII's accession to the English throne the attainder was revoked, and Bodiam Castle was returned to Lewknor. However, not all of the surrounding land was returned to the family until 1542. Possession of Bodiam Castle passed through several generations of the Lewknor family. Although the inheritance of the castle can be traced through the 16th and 17th centuries, there is little to indicate how it was used in this period, or if the family spent much time in it.</div>
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Following Sir Roger Lewknor's death in 1543, his estates were divided among his descendants, and the castle and manor were split. John Levett of Salehurst purchased the castle in 1588. In 1623, most of the estates of Bodiam were bought by Sir Nicholas Tufton, later Earl of Thanet. His son,John Tufton, 2nd Earl of Thanet, inherited Nicholas's property on his father's death in 1631; it was John Tufton who reunited possession of castle and manor when he bought Bodiam Castle in 1639. John Tufton was a supporter of the Royalist cause during the English Civil War, and led an attack on Lewes, and was involved in a Royalist defeat at Haywards Heath. Parliament confiscated some of his lands in 1643, and more in 1644, as well as fining him £9,000 (£1.3 million as of 2008). To help pay his fine, Tufton sold Bodiam Castle for £6,000 (£860,000 as of 2008) in March 1644 to Nathaniel Powell, a Parliamentarian.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7LYl_Ax7LBxOKeQSxPjnUcCxibF0EUaLSiE441pohQI3xjQzBx8qqQzLxzXibpJpz6u3hoTVZ7JnDVj-NyP_DxBPmoNptDpsgugt1CP3o5dH8OHm52uht4JxVsWiuZvQp1IInfo8S8EzZ/s1600/enhanced-buzz-wide-18907-1364330403-232.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="207" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7LYl_Ax7LBxOKeQSxPjnUcCxibF0EUaLSiE441pohQI3xjQzBx8qqQzLxzXibpJpz6u3hoTVZ7JnDVj-NyP_DxBPmoNptDpsgugt1CP3o5dH8OHm52uht4JxVsWiuZvQp1IInfo8S8EzZ/s320/enhanced-buzz-wide-18907-1364330403-232.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6736167963555859965.post-40594585776951128242013-06-12T11:10:00.003-07:002013-06-12T13:34:11.314-07:00The Maunsell Sea Forts In England <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<span dir="auto">Maunsell Forts</span></h1>
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<span dir="auto"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">The </span><b style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">Maunsell Forts</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> were small fortified towers built in the </span>Thames<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> and </span>Mersey<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> estuaries during the </span>Second World War<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> to help defend the </span>United Kingdom<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">. They were named after their designer, </span>Guy Maunsell<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">. The forts were decommissioned in the late 1950s and later used for other activities. One became the </span>Principality of Sealand;<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> boats visit the remaining forts occasionally, and a consortium called Project Redsands is planning to conserve the fort situated at </span>Redsand<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">.</span></span></div>
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<tr><th class="fn org" colspan="2" style="background-color: lightsteelblue; font-size: 13px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Maunsell Sea Forts</th></tr>
<tr><td class="label" colspan="2" style="background-color: gainsboro; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Thames and Mersey estuaries</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 10px; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Redsandsforts.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Redsandsforts.jpg" height="201" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Redsandsforts.jpg/300px-Redsandsforts.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Redsandsforts.jpg/450px-Redsandsforts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Redsandsforts.jpg/600px-Redsandsforts.jpg 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><th style="padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;">Type</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">Fortified towers</td></tr>
<tr><th style="padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;">Construction<br />
materials</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">Concrete</td></tr>
<tr><th style="padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;">In use</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">Second World War</td></tr>
<tr><th style="padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;">Current<br />
condition</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">Decommissioned in the late 1950s</td></tr>
<tr><th style="padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;">Current<br />
owner</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); vertical-align: middle;" width="22" /> </span>United Kingdom, <span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Sealand.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sealand.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Sealand.svg/33px-Flag_of_Sealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Sealand.svg/44px-Flag_of_Sealand.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); vertical-align: middle;" width="22" /> </span>Sealand</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="font-size: 10px; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KnockJohn.jpg" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080;"><img alt="KnockJohn.jpg" height="225" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/KnockJohn.jpg/300px-KnockJohn.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/KnockJohn.jpg/450px-KnockJohn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/KnockJohn.jpg/600px-KnockJohn.jpg 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
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<h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19.1875px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Maunsell_sea_forts">Maunsell sea forts</span> </h2>
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Maunsell sea forts, built in the Thames estuary and operated by the Royal Navy, were to deter and report German air raids following the Thames as a landmark, and attempts to lay mines by aircraft in this important shipping channel.</div>
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<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stages_In_The_Sinking_Of_A_Naval_Fort.svg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="293" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Stages_In_The_Sinking_Of_A_Naval_Fort.svg/220px-Stages_In_The_Sinking_Of_A_Naval_Fort.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Stages_In_The_Sinking_Of_A_Naval_Fort.svg/330px-Stages_In_The_Sinking_Of_A_Naval_Fort.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Stages_In_The_Sinking_Of_A_Naval_Fort.svg/440px-Stages_In_The_Sinking_Of_A_Naval_Fort.svg.png 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><br />
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The stages involved in sinking a naval fort.</div>
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<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fortlocations.gif" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="216" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Fortlocations.gif/220px-Fortlocations.gif" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Fortlocations.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Fortlocations.gif 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><br />
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The locations of the seven Maunsell Forts off the east coast of England.</div>
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There were four naval forts:</div>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Rough Sands (HM Fort Roughs) (U1)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Sunk Head (U2)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Tongue Sands (U3)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Knock John (U4)</li>
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The design was a concrete construction; a pontoon barge on which stood two cylindrical towers on top of which was the gun platform mounting two 3.75-inch guns and two 40 mm Bofors guns. They were laid down in dry dock and assembled as complete units. They were then fitted out — the crews going on board at the same time for familiarization — before being towed out and sunk onto their sand bank positions in 1942.</div>
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The naval fort design was the latest of several that Maunsell had devised in response to Admiralty inquiries. Early ideas had considered forts in the English Channel able to take on enemy vessels.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Maunsell_army_forts">Maunsell army forts</span> </h2>
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Maunsell also designed forts for anti-aircraft defence. These were larger installations comprising seven interconnected steel platforms, five carried guns arranged in a semicircle around the control centre and accommodation while the seventh, set further out than the gun towers, was the searchlight tower.</div>
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Three forts were placed in the Mersey and three in the Thames estuary:</div>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Nore</i> (U5),</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Red Sands</i> (U6)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Shivering Sands (U7)</i>.</li>
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Each of these AA forts carried four QF 3.75 inch guns and two Bofors 40 mm guns. During the war the forts shot down 22 aircraft and about 30 flying bombs. They were decommissioned by the MoD in the late 1950s.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Fort_histories">Fort histories</span> </h2>
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Nore Army Fort was badly damaged in 1953 when the Norwegian ship <i>Baalbek</i> collided with it, destroying two of the towers, killing four civilians and destroying guns, radar equipment and supplies. The ruins were considered a hazard to shipping and dismantled in 1959–60. Parts of the bases were towed ashore by the Cliffe fort at Alpha wharf near the village of Cliffe, Kent, where as of 2006 they remain easily seen.</div>
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One of the Shivering Sands towers was lost in 1963 after a ship collided with it. In 1964 the Port of London Authority placed wind and tide monitoring equipment on the Shivering Sands searchlight tower, which was isolated from the rest of the fort by the demolished tower. This relayed data to the mainland via a radio link.</div>
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Sunk Head was destroyed by the Royal Engineers in the late 1960s. Tongue Fort collapsed in a storm in 1996.</div>
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In August and September 2005, artist Stephen Turner spent six weeks living alone in the searchlight tower of the Shivering Sands Fort in what he described as "an artistic exploration of isolation, investigating how one's experience of time changes in isolation, and what creative contemplation means in a 21st-century context".</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Pirate_radio_stations">Pirate radio stations</span> </h3>
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The Principality of Sealand claims to be an independent nation.</div>
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Various forts were re-occupied for pirate radio in the mid-1960s.</div>
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In 1964, a few months after Radio Caroline went on air, Screaming Lord Sutch set up Radio Sutch in one of the towers at Shivering Sands. Sutch soon became bored with the project and sold the station to his manager Reginald Calvert who renamed the station Radio City and expanded operations into all of the five towers that remained connected. Calvert's killing in a dispute over the station's ownership (found to be self-defence rather than murder) contributed to the Government passing legislation against the pirates in 1967.</div>
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During the pirate era the Port of London Authority frequently complained that its monitoring radio link was being disrupted by the nearby Radio City transmitter.</div>
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Red Sands was likewise occupied by Radio Invicta, which was renamed KING Radio and then Radio 390, after its wavelength of approximately 390 metres. The 1965 <i>Danger Man</i> episode "Not-so-Jolly Roger" was partly filmed at Redsands and includes an acknowledgement to Radio 390 in its closing credits. Also filmed at the Red Sand forts was the 1968 <i>Doctor Who</i> serial <i>Fury from the Deep</i>, in which the complex stood in for a North Sea <span style="background-color: transparent;">gas refinery besieged by an intelligent seaweed creature.</span></div>
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The size of the Army forts made them ideal antenna platforms, since a large antenna could be based on the central tower and guyed from the surrounding towers.</div>
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A small group of radio enthusiasts set up Radio Tower on Sunk Head Naval fort, but the station was run on a shoestring, had very poor coverage and lasted only a few months. Claims by the company that they also intended to run a television service were never credible.</div>
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Paddy Roy Bates occupied the Rough Sands Fort and set up Radio Essex, later renamed BBMS — Britain's Better Music Station — but was better known for his post-pirate activities. He, or a representative, lived in Roughs Tower since 1964, self-styling the tower as the Principality of Sealand.</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6736167963555859965.post-78207026204555045672013-06-11T05:31:00.002-07:002013-06-11T05:41:34.854-07:00Gullfoss, Iceland<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Gullfoss</h2>
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Gullfoss is one of the most popular tourist attractions in the country. The wide Hvítá rushes southward. About a kilometer above the falls it turns sharply to the right and flows down into a wide curved three-step "staircase" and then abruptly plunges in two stages (11 m and 21 m) into a crevice 32 m (105 ft) deep. The crevice, about 20 m (60 ft) wide, and 2.5 km in length, extends perpendicular to the flow of the river. The average amount of water running over this waterfall is 140 m³/s in the summertime and 80 m³/s in the wintertime. The highest flood measured was 2000 m³/s.</div>
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As one first approaches the falls, the crevice is obscured from view, so that it appears that a mighty river simply vanishes into the earth.</div>
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During the first half of the 20th century and some years into the late 20th century, there was much speculation about using Gullfoss to generate electricity. During this period, the waterfall was rented indirectly by its owners, Tómas Tómasson and Halldór Halldórsson, to foreign investors. However, the investors' attempts were unsuccessful, partly due to lack of money. The waterfall was later sold to the state of Iceland. Even after it was sold, there were plans to utilize Hvítá, which would have changed the waterfall forever. This was not done, and now the waterfall is protected.</div>
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Sigríður Tómasdóttir, the daughter of Tómas Tómasson was determined to preserve the waterfall's condition and even threatened to throw herself into the waterfall. Although it is widely believed, the very popular story that Sigríður did save the waterfall from use is not true. A stone memorial to Sigriður, located above the falls, depicts her profile.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[1]</sup></div>
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Together with Þingvellir and the geysers of Haukadalur Gullfoss forms the Golden circle, a popular day tour for tourists in Iceland.</div>
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Gullfoss appears on the cover of the album <i>Porcupine</i> by the British band Echo and the Bunnymen. Additionally, the falls are referenced in the novella,<i>The Odd Saga of the American and a Curious Icelandic Flock</i>;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[2]</sup> during a dinner, Snorri expresses a preference for Gullfoss, while Dr. Gustafsson favors Glymur.</div>
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Gullfoss features in the music video for the single "Heaven" by the band Live. During the video a young man and a young woman separated by the Hvítá river exchange written messages carried on rocks that they throw to each other over the river and the falls. At the end of the music video the young man attempts to swim across the Hvítá river downstream from the Gulfoss. His young lady friend is so horrified by seeing him being washed down the Hvítá river that she also jumps into the river in order to help him. They then float down the river holding onto each other.</div>
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Another view.</div>
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Gullfoss in the fog on June 30, 2005.</div>
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Gullfoss in late March, 2007.</div>
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Gullfoss in early April, 2008.</div>
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Gullfoss in 2009.</div>
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Gullfoss Waterfall in September</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6736167963555859965.post-9475106161806638222013-06-10T13:01:00.000-07:002013-06-19T13:56:02.445-07:00Sognefjord, Norway<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Geography">Geography</span> </h2>
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A branch of Sognefjord</div>
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<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hans_Gude--Likferd_Pa_Sognefjorden--1853.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="138" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1a/Hans_Gude--Likferd_Pa_Sognefjorden--1853.jpg/220px-Hans_Gude--Likferd_Pa_Sognefjorden--1853.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1a/Hans_Gude--Likferd_Pa_Sognefjorden--1853.jpg/330px-Hans_Gude--Likferd_Pa_Sognefjorden--1853.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1a/Hans_Gude--Likferd_Pa_Sognefjorden--1853.jpg/440px-Hans_Gude--Likferd_Pa_Sognefjorden--1853.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><br />
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1853 painting of Sognefjord by Hans Gude and Adolph Tidemand.</div>
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The fjord reaches a maximum depth of 1,308 metres (4,291 ft) below sea level, and the greatest depths are found in the inland parts of the fjord. Near its mouth, the bottom rises abruptly to a sill about 100 metres (330 ft) below sea level. The average width of the main branch of the Sognefjord is about 4.5 kilometres (2.8 mi). Cliffs surrounding the fjord rise almost sheer from the water to heights of 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) and more.</div>
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The inner end of the Sognefjord is localized southeast of a mountain range rising to about 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) above sea level and covered by the Jostedalsbreen, continental Europe's largest glacier. Thus the climate of the inner end of Sognefjord and its branches is not as wet as on the outer coastline.</div>
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Smaller fjords which branch off from the Sognefjord include Esefjorden, Fjærlandsfjord, Sogndalsfjord, Lustrafjord, Årdalsfjord, Lærdalsfjord,Aurlandsfjord, and Nærøyfjord (which is also a World Heritage Site).</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Lustrafjord">Lustrafjord</span> </h3>
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The innermost arm of the Sognefjord is called the Lustrafjord. At its end, there is the village of Skjolden, which is an access to Jotunheimen National Park. In earlier times, transport from Bergen to the Scandinavian inland and vice versa was done by boat from Bergen to Skjolden and from there on a simple road over the highlands.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Tourism">Tourism</span></h2>
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<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fjord_in_Norway.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="144" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Fjord_in_Norway.jpg/220px-Fjord_in_Norway.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Fjord_in_Norway.jpg/330px-Fjord_in_Norway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Fjord_in_Norway.jpg/440px-Fjord_in_Norway.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><br />
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Nærøyfjord</div>
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Boats connect settlements along the fjord and its sidearms. Towns on the fjord and its branches include Høyanger, Vik, Sogndal, Lærdal, Årdal,Gaupne, Balestrand, Gudvangen, and Flåm. Gudvangen is situated by the Nærøyfjord, a branch of the Sognefjord particularly noted for its unspoiled nature and dramatic scenery, and only 300 metres (980 ft) across at its narrowest point. The Nærøyfjord is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. From Flåm, the Flåm Railway climbs 864 metres (2,835 ft) up to Myrdal Station in a distance of only 20 kilometres (12 mi)—the steepest unassisted railway climb in the world.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sognefjord_2-0" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[2]</sup></div>
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Around the inner end of the fjord, three of Norway's famous stave churches have survived: Kaupanger and Urnes (along the shoreline) and Borgund (30 kilometres or 19 miles into the Lærdal valley).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sognefjord_2-1" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;">[2]</sup></div>
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The Sognefjord Span (power lines) crosses the fjord with a span of 4,597 metres (15,082 ft). This is the second largest span of power lines in the world. The fjord has become a tourist attraction with summer tourists being an important part of the local economy.<br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6736167963555859965.post-89302984949302365302013-06-09T12:07:00.000-07:002013-06-12T13:37:17.596-07:00Plitvice Lakes National Park, Croatia<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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History</h2>
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<span class="mw-headline">Humans have inhabited the Plitvice Lakes area for thousands of years. It has been settled in turn by Illyrians, Thracians, Celts, Japods, Romans, Avars, Slavs and Turks. In 1528 the area fell to the Ottomans before being retaken by the Austrian Empire 150 years later. The Austrians subsequently incorporated it into their Military Frontier and, in addition to the native Croats who already inhabited the region, Serbs who had fled Ottoman repression settled there.[citation needed]</span></div>
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<span class="mw-headline">The Plitvice Lakes became a major tourist attraction in the late 19th century. The first hotel was built there in 1896, and as early as 1893 it already had a conservation committee - the predecessor of today's national park authority. In 1949 the communist government of Yugoslavia nationalized the lakes and made them a national park. The park was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1979 in recognition of its "outstanding natural beauty, and the undisturbed production of travertine (tuff) through chemical and biological action" .</span></div>
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The park soon became one of Yugoslavia's most popular tourist attractions. However, in March 1991 it became the scene of the Plitvice Lakes incident - the first armed confrontation of the Croatian War of Independence that resulted in fatalities. The park was held by forces of the Republic of Serbian Krajina during the conflict and suffered some damage in the process, with hotels and other facilities being used as barracks. At auto-camp Grabovac there was massacre of civilians (three children) by the Yugoslav Army in September of 1991[1]. It was retaken by the Croatian Army in August 1995 during Operation Storm, which ended the Croatian war.</div>
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The war led UNESCO to add the park to its List of World Heritage in Danger. Due to the economic importance of the park, the Croatian government made it a priority for its de-mining efforts, and in December 1998 UNESCO recognised the park's newly mine-free status by removing it from the list of endangered sites. However, the surrounding Plitvice municipality outside the park boundary still has some problems with mine contamination.</div>
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Landscape </h2>
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he lakes are situated on the eponymous Plitvice plateau, between the mountains of Lička Plješevica (Gornja Plješevica peak 1,640 m), Mala Kapela (Seliški Vrh peak at 1,280 m) and Medveđak (884 m). The sixteen lakes are separated into an upper and lower cluster formed by runoff from the mountains, descending from an altitude of 636 m to 503 m over a distance of some eight km, aligned in a south-north direction. The lakes collectively cover an area of about two km², with the water exiting from the lowest lake to form the Korana River.</div>
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The Plitvice Lakes lie in a basin of karstic rock, mainly dolomite and limestone, which has given rise to their most distinctive feature. The lakes are separated by natural dams of travertine, which is deposited by the action of moss, algae and bacteria. The encrusted plants and bacteria accumulate on top of each other, forming travertine barriers which grow at the rate of about 1 cm per year.</div>
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The lakes are renowned for their distinctive colours, ranging from azure to green, grey or blue. The colours change constantly depending on the quantity of minerals or organisms in the water and the angle of sunlight.</div>
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The lakes are divided into the 12 Upper Lakes (Gornja jezera) and the four Lower Lakes.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</span></h2>
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The Plitvice Lakes national park is heavily forested, mainly with beech, spruce, and fir trees, and features a mixture of Alpine and Mediterranean vegetation. It has a notably wide variety of plant communities, due to its range of microclimates, differing soils and varying levels of altitude.</div>
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The area is also home to an extremely wide variety of animal and bird species. Rare fauna such as the European brown bear, wolf, eagle, owl, lynx, wild cat and capercaillie can be found there, along with many more common species. At least 126 species of birds have been recorded there, of which 70 have been recorded as breeding there.</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6736167963555859965.post-2819128702747116712013-06-07T14:44:00.000-07:002013-06-12T13:38:54.469-07:00Glencoe Scotland<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>Glencoe Village</b> is the main settlement near Glen Coe, Lochaber, Highland, Scotland. It lies at the north-west end of the glen, on the southern bank of the River Coe where it enters Loch Leven a salt-water loch off Loch Linnhe).</div>
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A view of Glencoe</div>
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The term 'Glencoe Village' is a recent one (appearing on a few road signs only in the last 20 years to differentiate it from Glen Coe itself), however the setting near the Glen Coe valley is quite historic as it is near the site of the Massacre of Glencoe in the 1690s, in which MacDonalds and Hendersons were killed by a group of Scots, who were a mixed company. The leader was a Campbell, and knowing the hatred between the MacDonalds, and the Campbells, they knew the Campbells would take the blame for the masacre, even though there were only a handfull of Campbells in the group. Acting on the orders of King William II. The village is not actually in Glencoe but occupies an area known as Carnoch. Native Gaelic speakers who belong to the area always refer to the village as A'Charnaich, meaning "the place of cairns". Even today there is Upper Carnoch and Lower Carnoch. A small hospital - currently empty - with emergency services at Fort William 16 miles away, lies at the southern end of the village just over an arched stone bridge.</div>
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Within Glencoe Village there is a small village shop (now a Nisa), Episcopal Church of Scotland kirk, Glencoe & North Lorn local history museum, Post Office, Glencoe Mountain Rescue Team centre, an Outdoor Centre, numerous quality bed and breakfast establishments, and a small primary school. Several eating establishments are around including the Glencoe Hotel, Glencoe Cafe and The Clachaig Inn situated in Glencoe village. Glencoe is also a popular location for self-catering holidays; with many chalets, cottages and lodges available for weekly and short break rental. Also located in the village, but along the A82, is the Glencoe Visitor Centre, run by the National Trust for Scotland. This modern (constructed in 2002) visitor centre houses a coffee shop, store, and information centre.</div>
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The village is in the historic county of Argyll, although this part of Argyll now lies in The Highland Region.</div>
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The village sits near the entrance to Glen Coe and is surrounded by spectacular mountain scenery and is popular with serious hill-walkers, rock and ice climbers. It has been seen in numerous films, including <i>Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban</i> as the home of Hagrid, and the 2012 James Bond movie <i>Skyfall</i>.</div>
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